입자 수 보존 페르미온 고전 그림자의 모드 독립적 표본 복잡도

We consider the problem of learning expectation values of particle-preserving operators with respect to an unknown $η$-particle $n$-mode fermionic state via classical shadows. Our main application is to estimating overlaps with arbitrary Slater determinant states: While it is known that such overlaps can, in the average case, be learnt to a fixed additive precision with a constant number of samples, the best-known worst case bound is $\mathcal{O}(\sqrt n \log n)$; here we improve this to $\mathcal{O}(η\logη)$, achieving a mode-independent sample cost. Our procedure is also computationally efficient, requiring only classical post-processing which for a generic dense orbital runs in time $\mathcal{O}(nη^2)$. For the task of estimating the expectation value of a general particle-preserving quadratic fermionic observable $h$, we prove a sample complexity bound of $\mathcal{O}(η\|h_0\|_2^2)$, where $h_0$ is the traceless component of $h$; the associated classical post-processing scales as $\mathcal{O}(n^2η)$. Finally, we discuss implementation of the required randomization: in a first-quantized encoding, approximate unitary designs give circuit depths polylogarithmic in the number of modes, contrasting with linear-depth requirements for nearest-neighbor second-quantized matchgate implementations. On the technical side, our proof reduces the extremal shadow variance to harmonic analysis on the AIII symmetric space $U(n)/(U(η)\times U(n-η))$ and evaluates the resulting integral using techniques from the theories of Jacobi ensembles and orthogonal polynomials, in a calculation which may be of independent interest.